Demonic and Divine Attributions around COVID-19 Vaccines: Links with Vaccine Attitudes and Behaviors, QAnon and Conspiracy Beliefs, Anger, Spiritual Struggles, Religious and Political Variables, and Supernatural and Apocalyptic Beliefs

Given the prevalence of supernatural beliefs in United States, some people may believe that God or devil influenced to create receive COVID-19 vaccines. In an Internet sample 3196 U.S. adults (with many preregistered hypotheses), divine vaccine attributions were more common than demonic attributions. Demonic linked with anti-vaccination attitudes and lower odds vaccination, whereas showed opposite pattern. (but not divine) consistent positive connections conspiracy (including QAnon), anger toward organizations seen as pro-vaccine, seeing one’s political opponents enemies evil. also anxiety, depression, spiritual struggle, agreeableness social desirability. Both related positively conservatism, religious fundamentalism, Christian nationalism, authoritarian aggression, traditional masculinity beliefs. associated being younger having less education. correlated religiousness, belief devil, these entities powerful, able work through natural events, intervening often world. heaven hell, destined for life a cosmic battle between good evil, apocalyptic “end times”